Galata-tårnet
Galata Tower (Galata Kulesi), regarded as one of the oldest towers in the world and one of Istanbul's symbols, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Temporary List in 2013. One of the most significant buildings that make up Istanbul's silhouette, Galata Tower, was also known as Galata Fire Tower because it served as a long-term fire watchtower.
The original Galata Tower was erected in 507–508 AD by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. On the north side of Istanbul's Golden Horn, in the Galata citadel, stood the ancient Tower of Galata, also known as "Megalos Pyrgos," or the Great Tower. The massive chain, which had been extended across the mouth of the Golden Horn to keep enemy ships out of the harbor, came to an end at the tower at that time. A mechanism for raising and lowering the chain was built into the tower. Contrast this tower with the current Galata Tower, which is still standing and situated at the highest and northernmost point of the Galatian citadel.
In 1348–1349, the Genoese rebuilt the current tower. The majority of the walls and the first tower were destroyed by the Byzantines when the Genoans conquered Galata in the 1300s. In the end, they rebuilt every bastion and wall. They also laid the groundwork for the current tower and rebuilt the Galata Tower, which was at the top of the walls. As a result of a cross on its cone, the tower was given the name "Christea Turris" (Tower of Christ), and over time it came to represent this small Latin society.
By giving the key to Fatih Sultan Mehmet on the morning of May 29, 1453, the Ottomans were given control of the Galata Tower following the conquest of Istanbul. The handover of Galata was finished on Friday, June 1, according to the inscription carved into the marble at the entrance, which reads: "On the morning of Tuesday, May 29, 1453, the Genoese presented the keys of the Galata colony to Fatih Sultan Mehmed." Between the years 1445 and 46, the tower was raised. Architect Murad bin Hayreddin restored it after an earthquake in the 1500s damaged it. III. A bay window is later added to the tower's upper floor after repairs are made during the Selim era. II. Mahmut rises two more floors above the tower, and the top of the tower is covered with the well-known cone-shaped roof cover after the tower suffered another fire in 1831. The structure was last fixed in 1967.
The Design of the Galata Tower
The round, arched window above the door served as the soldiers' observation point. After the high ground floor, the building has nine floors. The cylindrical body's windows are circular arches made of bricks. The profiled moldings that surround the cylindrical body draw attention to the development of the final two floors that are immediately below the cone roof. Under the cone-shaped roof, there is an observation balcony with a metal-ornamented network encircling the floor. On the lower floor, round arches supported by deep niche piers and windows with circular arches made of brick can be found.
Today, it is noted that the building's third floor and above have a Genoese character, while the floors below have an Ottoman character. The building underwent renovations by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, and on October 6, 2020, Istanbul's Independence Day, it reopened as a museum with exhibition spaces.
Ahmed the wise and his first flight without an engine
Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi, who was born in Istanbul in 1609 and died in Algeria in 1640, was among the first people in history to successfully fly using specially designed and created wings that resembled birds. In 1632, Ahmed "Hezarfen," also known as "the man who knows everything," leaped from the Galata Tower, crossed the Bosphorus, and landed in the neighborhood of Üsküdar Doganclar on the Asian side. He is said to have drawn inspiration from both Leonardo Da Vinci and the Muslim-Turkish scholar "Smail Cevher," who worked on these issues long before him. Before his famous flight, he also did tests in Okmeydan, Istanbul, to see how strong his wings, which looked like those of birds and were made by studying how birds fly, were.
The Ottoman Empire and Europe were greatly affected by Ahmed Elebi's flight event, which Sultan IV Murad also admired. At first, Sultan IV. Murad was very intrigued by Ahmed Çelebi and, according to Evliya Çelebi, even made him happy with "a bag of gold" while watching this flight from the Sinan Pasha Mansion in Sarayburnu.
"First, he practiced by using the wind's force to fly eight or nine times over the pulpit of Okmeydan. Then, with the aid of the south-west wind, he flew from the very top of the Galata Tower (in modern Karaköy) and landed in the Doganclar Square in Üsküdar as Sultan Murad Khan (Murad IV) watched from the Sinan Pasha mansion at Sarayburnu. Murad Khan then gave him a sack of gold coins as a reward for his achievement and remarked, "This man is uncanny: he is capable of doing anything he wishes." To surround oneself with such people is wrong. He kept his word and banished Ahmed to Algeria, where the scientist stayed until his passing.
Evliya Elebi (1611–1682).
Underground Tunnels
A tunnel passing through the center of the sphere at a depth of four meters was found during the excavation work done in 1965 to strengthen the tower's foundation. This stone tunnel, which is 70 cm wide and 140 cm high, is believed to have served as a covert escape route during the Genoese era. Deformations and rockfall were discovered in the tunnel after descending about 30 meters. Human skeletal remains, four skulls, ancient coins, and an inscription were all discovered during the same excavation. Authorities concluded that the skeletons belonged to prisoners who attempted to dig a covert exit from the tower, which served as a dungeon during Kanuni's (Suleiman the Magnificent's) 1494–1566 reign and perished by being buried alive.
Demolition of the Galata Tower Surroundings
Galata Tower's neighboring structures, such as the courtyard surrounding it, the fortification walls extending towards the shore, the Turkish cemetery, the gates on the walls, and the ditches on the walls, were destroyed and filled in by Şehremaneti VI, a Levantine dynasty, to make room for Levantine homes to be constructed there. In the area beneath and around the tower, the wooden homes in the Turkish architectural style that can be seen in vintage engravings and even photographs were destroyed, and styleless masonry homes and apartments took their places.
What to See and Do
A wealth of monuments, experiences, and sights can be found in the Galata Tower Museum area, a popular spot for social gatherings and a bustling cultural center in the heart of New Town that will make your stay in Istanbul unforgettable. Galata has it all, from historical sites to malls and cafes. Discover more to get a detailed rundown of the places you must see and enjoy while you're here.
Galata-broen (Det Gyldne Horn)
Galata-broen, eller Galata-broen (tyrkisk udtale:), spænder over Istanbul, Det Gyldne Horn. Broen er blevet nævnt i tyrkisk litteratur, teater, poesi og romaner siden slutningen af det 19. århundrede, især. Siden begyndelsen af det 19. århundrede har mange broer forbundet Eminönü i Fatih-distriktet og Karaköy i Beyoglu. Den nuværende Galata-broen er blot den seneste af disse. Den nuværende bro blev bygget i 1994 og er den femte, der er blevet placeret der.
Den nordlige kyst af Det Gyldne Horn Byen Galata, der tidligere var kendt som Karaköy, var inspirationskilden til broens navn.
At skabe en forbindelse til Det Gyldne Horn's fortid
På dette billede af det antikke Konstantinopel kan man se Kejser Justinian den Stores første bro over floden Det Gyldne Horn. Den ligger tæt på Theodosius' landmure i den nordlige ende af byen.
I den vestlige del af byen, tæt på Theodosius’ bymur, blev den første bro over Det Gyldne Horn bygget i løbet af Justinian den Stores regeringstid.
For at give deres tropper mulighed for at bevæge sig fra den ene side af Det Gyldne Horn til den anden, byggede tyrkerne en flydende bro i 1453, før Konstantinopel faldt. De gjorde dette ved at fortøje deres skibe side om side på tværs af vandet.
Leonardo da Vinci designede Det Gyldne Horn-broen i 1502.
Sultan Bayezid II bestilte tegninger til den nuværende bro mellem 1502 og 1503. Leonardo da Vinci skabte et enestående brodesign med ét enkelt spænd over Det Gyldne Horn, som ville have været den længste bro i verden, hvis den var blevet bygget. Den benyttede tre velkendte geometriske principper: den spændte bue, den parabolske kurve og den centrale hvælving. Sultanen godkendte dog ikke det ambitiøse design.
Efter at have afvist et tilbud fra endnu en italiensk kunstner om at designe en bro over Det Gyldne Horn, blev planerne om at bygge broen udskudt til det 19 århundrede.
Det første byggeprojekt inden for civilingeniørfaget, der var baseret på en skitse af Leonardo da Vinci, blev realiseret i 2001, da den nutidige kunstner Vebjørn Sand byggede en model i mindre skala af kunstnerens brodesign tæt på Oslo i Norge.
Mahmud II (1808–1839) beordrede i begyndelsen af det 19. århundrede opførelsen af en bro mellem Azapkap og Unkapani. Broen, der også var kendt som Hayratiye (på engelsk „Beneficiation“), blev indviet den 3. september 1836. Den stedfortrædende øverste admiral Fevzi Ahmet Pasha færdiggjorde projektet med personale og ressourcer fra det nærliggende flådearsenal i Kasimpasa. Ifølge Lutfis historieværk var broen omkring 500–540 m (1,640–1,770 fod) lang og bygget på sammenkoblede pontoner.
På anmodning af Valide Sultan, sultan Abdülmecids mor, blev den første Galata-broen bygget i 1845 ved vandvejen, og den var lavet af træ (1839–1861). Den fik navnet Cisr-i Cedid (den "nye bro") for at adskille den fra den tidligere bro, der lå længere oppe ad Det Gyldne Horn, og som blev kendt som "Cisr-i Atik". Den blev også omtalt som Sultan Valideh-broen i Baedekers rejseguide. Den var stadig i brug efter 18 år.
Sultan Abdülmecid I byggede den nye bro, og han var den første til at krydse den. Dette fremgår af et indskrevet digt af digteren Ibrahim Sinasi, som er placeret på broens Karaköy-side. Den franske kaptajn Magnan og hans skib, Cygne, var de første, der sejlede under broen.
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